Editing Module:Tenpō (section)

== Introduction ==

===Change of era===
* '''December 10, 1830''' ({{nihongo|''Tenpō gannen''|天保元年}}) : In the 13th year of ''Bunsei'', the new era name of ''Tenpō'' (meaning "Heavenly Imperial Protection") was created to mark the disasters of a great fire in [[Edo]] and an earthquake at [[Kyoto]]. The new era name was created from an hortatory aphorism: "Respect and worship the Ways of heaven. Eternally keep the [[Mandate of Heaven]]"  (欽崇'''天'''道、永'''保'''天命).

The Tenpō era is often described as the beginning of the end of [[Bakufu#Shogunate|bakufu]] government. Though the era accomplished much through its reforms, and also culturally speaking, the injury inflicted on the Tokugawa system of government during the Tenpō period was unparalleled. Public order and dissatisfaction with government was a main issue, but the bakufu was not entirely at fault for the stir amongst the people. For example, the failure of crops in 1833, which soon became a lengthy disaster endured for over four years and was called the [[Tenpo famine|Great Tenpō famine]]. It was caused mainly by poor weather conditions. Because crops could not grow under these circumstances, prices began to skyrocket. These dire circumstances sparked many rebellions and riots across Japan over the course of the Tenpō years.<ref>Jansen, Marius B. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3bf4g447YdcC&q=disasters+of+the+Tenp%C5%8D+era The Making of Modern Japan, p. 247]</ref> Weary and desperate for someone to blame, the people rose up against the government, and [[Ōshio Heihachirō]], known for leading one of the largest rebellions, made a statement to implicate "the natural disasters as sure signs of Heavens's discontent with the government".<ref>Jansen, Marius B. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3bf4g447YdcC&q=disasters+of+the+tenpo+era&pg=PA247 The Making of Modern Japan, p. 249]</ref> [[Mizuno Tadakuni]]'s reforms were meant to remedy these economic issues, but the reforms could not rescue the bakufu from its ultimate collapse.

The [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate]] rule during the Tenpō era was that of [[Tokugawa Ieyoshi]], the 12th ''shōgun''' of the bakufu government. His reign lasted from 1837 to 1853. During this time, many factors appeared to have seen to the decline of his health: namely, the great and devastating famine, the many rebellions rising up against the bakufu, and the swift advance of foreign influence.<ref>Cunningham, Mark E. and Zwier, Lawrence J. (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GMVrR4PFzTIC&q=Tokugawa+Ieyoshi The End of the Shoguns and the Birth of Modern Japan, p. 147]</ref>