Editing Martial arts (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of martial arts}}
{{Further|Martial arts timeline}}

===Historical martial arts===
{{Main|History of Asian martial arts|Historical European martial arts}}
[[File:Beni Hassan tomb 15 wrestling detail.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Detail of the wrestling fresco in tomb 15 at [[Beni Hasan]]]]
[[File:Young boxers fresco, Akrotiri, Greece.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[martial art]] of [[boxing]] was practiced in ancient [[Santorini|Thera]] (1600–1500 BC).]]Human warfare dates back to the [[Epipalaeolithic]] to early [[Neolithic]] era. The oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are [[cave paintings]] from eastern Spain ([[Spanish Levante]]) dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows.<ref name="Hamblin">{{cite book|last1=Hamblin|first1=William J.|title=Warfare in the ancient Near East to 1600 BC : holy warriors at the dawn of history|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0415255899|page=[https://archive.org/details/WarfareInTheAncientNearEastTo1600BCBySamySalah/page/n21 15]|edition=Repr.|url=https://archive.org/details/WarfareInTheAncientNearEastTo1600BCBySamySalah}}</ref><ref>Nash, George, "Assessing rank and warfare strategy in prehistoric hunter-gatherer society: a study of representational warrior figures in rock-art from the Spanish Levant" in: M. Parker Pearson & I.J.N. Thorpe (eds.), ''Warfare, violence and slavery in prehistory: proceedings of a Prehistoric Society conference at Sheffield University'', 2005, Archaeopress, {{ISBN|1841718165|978-1841718163}}, [https://www.academia.edu/1078438 Fully online]</ref> Similar evidence of warfare has been found in Epipalaeolithic to early Neolithic era [[mass burial]]s, excavated in Germany and at [[Jebel Sahaba]] in [[Northern Sudan]].<ref name="Hamblin" />

[[Wrestling]] is the oldest [[combat sport]], with origins in [[hand-to-hand combat]]. [[Belt wrestling]] was depicted in works of art from [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Ancient Egypt]] {{circa|3000 BC}}, and later in the [[Sumerian literature|Sumerian]] ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wrestling |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/wrestling |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref> The earliest known depiction of [[boxing]] comes from a [[Sumer]]ian relief in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) from the 3rd millennium BC.<ref name="EncyclopaediaBritannicaEntry">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Michael Poliakoff |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29781/boxing |title=Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Boxing |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=18 May 2013}}</ref>

The foundation of modern [[list of martial arts#East Asia|East Asian martial arts]] and [[list of martial arts#South Asia|South Asian martial arts]] is likely facilitated by cultural exchanges of early [[Chinese martial arts|Chinese]] and [[Indian martial arts]]. During the [[Warring States period]] of [[History of China|Chinese history]] (480–221&nbsp;BC) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by [[Sun Tzu]] in ''[[The Art of War]]'' ({{Circa|350&nbsp;BC}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonshi.com/why.html |title=Sun Tzu Biography and Introduction: Sun Tzu The Art of War and Strategy Site by |publisher=Sonshi. Com |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref> Legendary accounts link the origin of [[Shaolinquan]] to the [[spread of Buddhism]] from [[ancient India]] during the early 5th century [[Common era|CE]], with the figure of [[Bodhidharma]], to China.<ref>Reid, Howard and Croucher, Michael (1983). ''The Way of the Warrior – The Paradox of the Martial Arts''. New York: Overlook Press {{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=October 2020}}</ref> Written evidence of martial arts in Southern India dates back to the [[Sangam literature]] of about the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century AD.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The combat techniques of the [[Sangam period]] were the earliest precursors to [[Kalaripayattu]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html
| title = Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu
| website = spa.exeter.ac.uk
| access-date = 29 February 2016
}}</ref>

In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions date to [[Ancient Greece]]. [[Ancient Greek Boxing|Boxing]] (''pygme'', ''pyx''), [[Greek wrestling|wrestling]] (''pale'') and [[pankration]]  were represented in the [[Ancient Olympic Games]]. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] produced [[Gladiator|gladiatorial combat]] as a public spectacle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman Games, Chariot Races & Spectacle|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/635/roman-games-chariot-races--spectacle/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref>

A number of historical [[combat manual]]s have survived from the European [[Middle Ages]]. This includes such styles as [[Historical fencing|sword and shield]], [[two-handed swordfighting]] and other types of melee weapons besides unarmed combat. Amongst these are transcriptions of [[Johannes Liechtenauer]]'s mnemonic poem on the longsword dating back to the late fourteenth century. Likewise, Asian martial arts became well-documented during the medieval period, [[Japanese martial arts]] beginning with the establishment of the [[samurai]] nobility in the 12th century, [[Chinese martial arts]] with [[Ming dynasty|Ming era]] treatises such as [[Ji Xiao Xin Shu]], [[Indian martial arts]] in medieval texts such as the [[Agni Purana]] and the [[Malla Purana]], and [[Korean martial arts]] from the [[Joseon]] era and texts such as [[Muyejebo]] (1598).{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

European swordsmanship always had a sportive component, but the duel was always a possibility until [[World War I]]. Modern [[fencing|sport fencing]] began developing during the 19th century as the French and Italian military academies began codifying instruction. The Olympic games led to standard international rules, with the Féderation Internationale d'Escrime founded in 1913. Modern boxing originates with [[Jack Broughton]]'s rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the [[Marquess of Queensberry Rules]] of 1867.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Folk styles===
{{main|Folk wrestling}}
[[File:Gangaram_Chintaman_Tambat_-_Two_Jeyties_Wrestling_-_B1977.14.22290_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Drawing of Indian wrestlers carrying [[vajra-mushti]] (1792 A.D.)]]
Certain traditional combat sports and fighting styles exist all over the world, rooted in local culture and folklore. The most common of these are styles of [[folk wrestling]], some of which have been practiced since antiquity and are found in the most remote areas. Other examples include forms of [[stick fighting]] and boxing. While these arts are based on historical traditions of folklore, they are not "historical" in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization between sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai art of [[muay boran]] developed into the modern national sport of [[muay Thai]], which in turn came to be practiced worldwide and contributed significantly to modern hybrid styles like [[kickboxing]] and [[mixed martial arts]]. [[Singlestick]], an English martial art can be seen often used in [[morris dancing]]. Many European dances share elements of martial arts with examples including Ukrainian [[Hopak]], Polish Zbójnicki (use of [[ciupaga]]), the Czech dance [[odzemek]], and the Norwegian [[Halling (dance)|Halling]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
[[Image:Cribb_vs_Molineaux_1811.jpg|thumb|left|[[Boxing]] in [[England]], 1811 ]]

===Modern history===
{{further|Modern history of East Asian martial arts}}

====Late 19th to early 20th century====
The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modern sports developed out of earlier traditional fighting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of [[boxing]], [[wrestling]] and [[fencing]] as sports. In Japan, the same period marks the formation of the modern forms of [[judo]], [[jujutsu]], [[karate]], and [[kendo]] (among others) based on revivals of [[koryu|old schools]] of [[Edo period]] martial arts which had been suppressed during the [[Meiji Restoration]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History Of Martial Arts |url=https://primae.eu/history-of-martial-arts/?lang=sv |website=Primae |publisher=Participation and Recreation through Inclusive Martial Arts Education and E-Learning |access-date=2 May 2023}}</ref>  In 1882, [[Kano Jigoro]] established the [[Kodokan]] School of [[judo]] which began the sport of judo.<ref>Burdick, D. (2022, September 12). judo. Britannica. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.britannica.com/sports/judo</ref>  Kano Jigoro had gathered the old knowledge of [[jujutsu]] before establishing his school of judo.

Modern [[Muay Thai]] rules date to the 1920s. In China, the modern history of martial arts begins in the [[Nanjing decade]] (1930s) following the foundation of the [[Central Guoshu Institute]] in 1928 under the [[Kuomintang]] government.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Western interest in [[Asian martial arts]] arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the United States with China and Japan.<ref>Primae. (2011, November 29). History Of Martial Arts. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://primae.eu/history-of-martial-arts/?lang=sv </ref> Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. [[Edward William Barton-Wright]], a railway engineer who had studied [[jujutsu]] while working in Japan between 1894 and 1897, was the first man known to have taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic style named [[Bartitsu]] which combined jujutsu, judo, wrestling, boxing, [[savate]] and [[stick fighting]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godfrey |first=Emelyne |date=2009 |title=Sherlock Holmes and the Mystery Baritsu |journal=History Today |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=4–5 |via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>

Fencing and [[Greco-Roman wrestling]] was included in the [[1896 Summer Olympics]]. [[FILA Wrestling World Championships]] and [[Boxing at the Summer Olympics]] were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding [[championship belt]]s in wrestling and boxing can be traced to the [[Lonsdale Belt]], introduced in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lonsdale Belt {{!}} boxing {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Lonsdale-Belt |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:T wo Youtth Service Volunteers having a boxing match at an agricultural camp at Nunney Catch in Somerset during 1943. D16345.jpg|thumb|250px|Boxing in 1943]]

====20th century (1914 to 1989)====
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:The age of 18 Bruce Lee and Ye Wen.jpg|thumb|[[Bruce Lee]] (right) and his teacher {{nowrap|[[Ip Man]]}} (left)]]
The [[International Boxing Association (amateur)|International Boxing Association]] was established in 1920. [[World Fencing Championships]] have been held since 1921.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan and South Korea during World War II and the [[Korean War]] and were exposed to local fighting styles. Jujutsu, judo and karate first became popular among the mainstream from the 1950s–1960s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood [[martial arts movies]], most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced.<ref>{{cite news|title= The Martial Arts as Moneymakers|newspaper= The New York Times|date=28 August 1988|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/28/business/the-martial-arts-as-moneymakers.html?scp=84&sq=chuck%20norris&st=cse|access-date=4 December 2010|first=David|last=Berreby}}</ref> The term [[kickboxing]] (キックボクシング) was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of muay Thai and karate that he created in the 1950s. [[American kickboxing]] was developed in the 1970s, as a combination of boxing and karate. [[Taekwondo]] was developed in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in [[Chinese martial arts]], influenced by martial artist [[Bruce Lee]]. Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners.<ref name="absolutedefense.net">{{cite web |url= http://absolutedefense.net/html/jeet_kune_do.html|title=Jeet Kune Do|publisher=absolutedefense.net|access-date=27 May 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717143650/http://absolutedefense.net/html/jeet_kune_do.html|archive-date=17 July 2014}}</ref> [[World Judo Championships]] have been held since 1956,{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} and [[Judo at the Summer Olympics]] was introduced in 1964.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Karate World Championships]] were introduced in 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=World Karate Federation - The Book |url=https://www.wkf.net/thebook/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.wkf.net}}</ref>

The "[[Chopsocky|kung fu wave]]" of [[Hong Kong action cinema]] in the 1970s, especially [[Bruce Lee films]], popularized martial arts in global [[popular culture]]. A number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s also contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in Western popular culture. These include ''[[The Karate Kid (1984 film)|The Karate Kid]]'' (1984) and ''[[Bloodsport (film)|Bloodsport]]'' (1988). This era produced some [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] action stars with martial arts background, such as [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] and [[Chuck Norris]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts were adapted for [[self-defense]] purposes for military [[hand-to-hand combat]]. [[World War II combatives]], [[KAPAP]] (1930s) and [[Krav Maga]] (1950s) in Israel, [[Systema]] in Soviet-era Russia, and [[Sanshou]] in the People's Republic of China are examples of such systems. The [[US military]] de-emphasized hand-to-hand combat training during the [[Cold War period]], but revived it with the introduction of [[LINE (combat system)|LINE]] in 1989.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

====1990 to present====

In 1993, the first [[Pancrase]] event was held in Japan.<ref name="bloodyelbow">{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/3/29/5560430/origins-history-rules-early-days-old-pancrase-mma-bas-rutten-shamrock-japanese|title=The origins, history and rules from the early days of Pancrase circa 1993 |date=29 March 2014|website= bloodyelbow.com|access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref> The [[K-1]] rules of kickboxing were introduced, based on 1980s [[Seidokaikan]] karate.<ref>Soldwedel, A. (2003). 21st Century Shogun. Black Belt, 41 (1), 54-59.</ref>

During the 1990s, [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] became popular and proved to be effective in [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA) competitions such as the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]] and [[Pride Fighting Championships|PRIDE]].<ref name=UNCstyles>{{cite web |url=http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=LearnUFC.Styles |title=fighting art used in the UFC |website= UFC.com |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100523232346/http://www.ufc.com/index.cfm?fa=LearnUFC.Styles |archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:EU_MMA_Championship_2021,_Kazan,_Russia_4.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mixed martial arts championship in Russia in 2021]]

[[Jackie Chan]] and [[Bruce Lee]] were prominent martial artists who became major movie figures. Their popularity and media presence has been at the forefront for promoting Chinese martial arts in the [[Western world]] since the late 20th and early 21st centuries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shu |first=Yuan |date=2003 |title=Reading the Kung Fu Film in an American Context: From Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01956050309603666 |journal=Journal of Popular Film and Television |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=50–59 |doi=10.1080/01956050309603666 |s2cid=192198724 |issn=0195-6051}}</ref>

With the continual discovery of more medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of [[Historical European Martial Arts]] and other [[Western Martial Arts]] have been growing{{citation needed|date= June 2020}} in popularity across the United States and Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

On 29 November 2011, [[UNESCO]] inscribed [[taekkyeon|Taekkyon]] onto its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00452 |title= UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention|work= UNESCO.org}}</ref>

=== Revival ===
Many styles of [[Indian martial arts]] were banned by the colonial authorities during the period of [[British Raj|British rule in India]], which led to a decline in their popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armchairlounge.com/reviving-lost-martial-arts-of-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821232513/http://armchairlounge.com/reviving-lost-martial-arts-of-india/|archive-date=21 August 2018|title=Reviving the Lost Martial Arts of India |last=Tandon|first=Nikita|website=The Armchair Lounge |access-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> Some, such as [[Kalaripayattu]], were able to resist this decline by practicing in secret. Other Indian martial art, such as [[Silambam]], while not widely practiced in India, continue to be practiced in other countries in the [[Greater India|Indian cultural sphere]] such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Many other Indian martial arts such as [[Mardani khel|Mardhani Khel]] and [[Paika akhada|Paika Akhada]] survived by practitioners practicing the art in secret, or by telling the colonial authorities that it was a form of dance. While many regional Indian martial arts forms are fading into obscurity, martial arts such as [[Gatka]] and [[Kalaripayattu]] are experiencing a gradual resurgence.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.varmam.org/articles/HistoryOfVarmaKalai.php
| title = History of Varmakalai
| last = Manoharan
| first = Suresh K
| website = www.varmam.org
| access-date = 1 March 2016
}}</ref>