Editing Judo

{{Short description|Japanese modern martial art}}
{{About|the martial art and sport|the computer programming environment|JUDO (software)}}
{{Infobox martial art
| logosize = 55px
| image = Jigoro Kano and Kyuzo Mifune (restoration).jpg
| imagecaption = [[Kyuzo Mifune]] (left) and [[Kanō Jigorō]] (right)
| imagesize = 200px
| name = ''Judo''<br />
| aka = 
| focus = [[Grappling]], [[wrestling]], [[ground fighting]]
| country = [[Japan]]
| hardness = [[Contact sport|Full contact]]
| creator = [[Kanō Jigorō]]
| parenthood = Various ''[[koryū]]'' ''[[Jujutsu]]'' schools, principally ''[[Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]]'', ''[[Kitō-ryū]]'', and ''[[Catch wrestling]]''
| ancestor arts = 
*Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū 
*Yoshin ryu
*Shiten ryu
*Sekiguchi Ryu
*Sosuishi Ryu
*Fusen Ryu
*Kito Ryu 
*Takenouchi Ryu
*Miura Ryu 
*Kyushin Ryu
*Ryōi Shintō-ryū
*Tsutsumi Hozan Ryu 
| famous pract = ''See'': [[List of judoka]]<!-- please discuss on talk before adding any more famous practitioners -->
| descendant arts = [[Kosen judo]], [[Bartitsu]], [[Yoseikan Budō]], [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]], [[ARB (martial art)|ARB]], [[Close-quarters combat|CQC]], [[Krav Maga]], [[Kapap]], [[Kūdō]], [[MMA]], [[modern Arnis]], [[Luta Livre]], [[shoot wrestling]], [[submission grappling]], [[Vale Tudo]]
| olympic = 
* Accepted as an [[Olympic sport]] in 1960 (''see below'')
* Contested since 1964<ref>Inman (2005) p. 10</ref> (men) and 1992<ref>The first Olympic competition to award medals to women judoka was in 1992; in 1988, women competed as a demonstration sport. Inman (2005) p. 11</ref> (women)
| website = 
* [https://www.ijf.org/ International Judo Federation (IJF)]
* [http://kodokan.org The Kodokan]
}}
{{Infobox sport|name=Judo|image=File:Keyvan Dehnad Referring to the World Cup.jpg|imagesize=220px|caption=Takamasa Anai takes down his opponent during the [[Grand Slam Tokyo]].|union=[[International Judo Federation]]|first=|firstlabel=|country/region=Worldwide|registered=|clubs=|contact=Yes|team=|mgender=No|category=Martial art|equipment=|venue=|obsolete=|olympic=Debuted in [[Judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]|paralympic=|IWGA=}}
{{Nihongo|'''Judo'''|[[wikt:柔道|柔道]]|Jūdō|{{lit.|gentle way|lk=yes}}|lead=yes}} is an unarmed [[gendai budō|modern Japanese martial art]], [[combat sport]], Olympic sport (since 1964), and the most prominent form of [[jacket wrestling]] competed internationally.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web| url = https://www.britannica.com/sports/judo| title = Britannica, "Judo"| date = March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Super Nipponica">『日本大百科全書』電子版【柔道】(CD-ROM version of [[Encyclopedia Nipponica]], "Judo").</ref><ref>『日本大百科全書』の最初の定義文（[[Encyclopedia Nipponica]], first phrases, definition of Judo.）「心身を鍛錬することにより、その力をもっとも有効に使用する道であると同時に、人間形成の道である。」</ref> Judo was created in 1882 by [[Kanō Jigorō]] ({{Nihongo2|嘉納 治五郎}}) as an eclectic martial art, distinguishing itself from its predecessors (primarily [[Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū|Tenjin Shinyo-ryu]] jujutsu and [[Kitō-ryū]] jujutsu) due to an emphasis on "[[randori]]" ({{Nihongo2|乱取り}}, lit. 'free sparring') instead of {{nihongo3|[[kata (martial arts)|kata]]|形|kata|pre-arranged forms}} alongside its removal of striking and weapon training elements.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="Super Nipponica" /><ref name=":0" /> Judo rose to prominence for its dominance over [[Kodokan–Totsuka rivalry|established jujutsu schools]] in tournaments hosted by the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] (警視庁武術大会, ''Keishicho Bujutsu Taikai''), resulting in its adoption as the department's primary martial art.<ref name="Super Nipponica" /><ref name="Britannica" /> A judo practitioner is called a {{Nihongo|"judoka"|柔道家|jūdōka}}, and the judo uniform is called {{Nihongo|"judogi"|柔道着|jūdōgi|{{lit.|judo attire|lk=yes}}}}.

The objective of competitive judo is to [[Throw (grappling)|throw]] an opponent, immobilize them with a [[Pinning hold|pin]], or force an opponent to submit with a [[joint lock]] or a [[Chokehold|choke]]. While [[Strike (attack)|strikes]] and use of weapons are included in some pre-arranged forms (kata), they are not frequently trained and are illegal in judo competition or free practice.<ref name="Super Nipponica" /> Judo's international governing body is the [[International Judo Federation]], and competitors compete in the international IJF professional circuit.

Judo's philosophy revolves around two primary principles: {{Nihongo|"Seiryoku-Zenyo"|精力善用||{{lit.|good use of energy|lk=yes}}}} and {{Nihongo|"Jita-Kyoei"|自他共栄||{{lit.|mutual welfare and benefit|lk=yes}}}}.<ref name="Super Nipponica" /><ref>{{cite web| url = https://kdkjd.org/what-is-seiryoku-zenyo/ | title = Kodokan Judo Institute, "What is Seiryoku-Zenyo?"| date = 5 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="ntu_kodokan_history">{{cite web| url = http://www.ntu.ac.jp/teikajudo/club/pdf/kodokan_history_e.pdf| title = Teaching of Kanō Jigorō Shihan| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211030181522/http://www.ntu.ac.jp/teikajudo/club/pdf/kodokan_history_e.pdf| archive-date = October 30, 2021| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="bunbuichido">{{cite web| url = https://www.bunbuichido.net/jigoro-kano-ism-english/| title = 精力善用、自他共栄を英語で学ぶ| date = 8 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://kodokanjudoinstitute.org/en/doctrine/word/jita-kyoei/| title = Kodokan Judo Institute, "What is Jita-kyoei?"| access-date = 2021-10-30| archive-date = 2024-02-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240218143304/http://kodokanjudoinstitute.org/en/doctrine/word/jita-kyoei/}}</ref> The philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from ''[[Ko-ryū]]''. Judo has also spawned a number of derivative martial arts around the world, such as [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], [[Krav Maga]], [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]], and [[ARB (martial art)|ARB]]. Judo also influenced the formation of other combat styles such as [[close-quarters combat]] (CQC), [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA), [[shoot wrestling]] and [[submission wrestling]].

==History and philosophy==

===Early life of its founder===
[[File:Kano Jigoro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jigoro Kano]], founder of judo]]

The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[polymath]] and educator {{nihongo3|Jigoro Kano|嘉納 治五郎|[[Kanō Jigorō]]|1860–1938}}, born {{nihongo3|Jigorō Shinnosuke|新之助 治五郎|Shinnosuke Jigorō}}. Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the [[Shinto]] [[Hiyoshi Shrine|Hiyoshi shrine]] in [[Shiga Prefecture]]. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the [[Bakufu#Shogunate|Shogunate]] government.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 46–47</ref>

Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, {{nihongo3|[[Japanese calligraphy]]|書道|shodō}} and the {{nihongo|[[Four Books#Four Books|Four Confucian Texts]]|四書|Shisho}} under a number of tutors.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43">Kano (2008) p. 1; Hoare (2009) p. 43</ref> When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in [[Shiba, Tokyo]]. The culture of [[bullying]] endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a {{nihongo3|[[Jujutsu]]|柔術|Jūjutsu}} {{nihongo3|[[dōjō]]|道場|dōjō|training place}} at which to train.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43"/>

Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly [[Westernization|westernized]] Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him ''kata'', but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of ''[[Kyushin-ryū]]'' school of jujutsu, also refused.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2">Kano (2008) p. 2</ref> Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2"/>

In 1877, as a student at the [[University of Tokyo]], Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening {{nihongo3|''Seikotsu-in''|整骨院||traditional osteopathy practices}}.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 44</ref> After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke ({{circa|1828}}–1880),<ref>Fukuda (2004) p. 145</ref> a teacher of the ''[[Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]]'' of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat [[dōjō]] where he taught five students.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 3–4; Hoare (2009) pp. 45–47; Fukuda (2004) pp. 145–152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the granddaughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano: {{cite news |last=Davis |first=Simon |title=Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda |url=http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |publisher=United States Judo Federation |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308231204/http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |archive-date=March 8, 2011 }}</ref> Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on {{nihongo3|[[randori]]|乱取り|randori|free practice}} in judo.

On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both ''randori'' and ''kata'', was given the {{nihongo3|''densho''|伝書||scrolls}} of the Fukuda dōjō.<ref>Kano (2008) p. 6; Hoare (2009) p. 47</ref> Kano chose to continue his studies at another ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū'' school, that of Iso Masatomo ({{circa|1820}}–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted ''randori'' instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.<ref>Kano (2008), pp. 9–10</ref> Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of {{nihongo3|''[[Kito-ryū|Kitō-ryū]]''|起倒流}}.<ref name=":0">Kano (2008), p. 11</ref> Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on ''randori'', with ''Kitō-ryū'' having a greater focus on {{nihongo3|''nage-waza''|投げ技||throwing techniques}}.<ref>Kano (2005), p. 23</ref>

===Founding of the Kodokan===
[[File:Eishoji.JPG|thumb|''Eisho-ji'' temple, Tokyo]]
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dōjō at the {{nihongo3|''Eisho-ji''|永昌寺}}, a [[buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of [[Taitō, Tokyo|Taitō]] ward).<ref>Hoare (2009) pp. 52–53. For location of Eisho-ji temple, see:<br />
{{citation |url=http://www.kodokan.org/e_basic/access_eishoji.html |title=Way to Eisho-Ji Temple |work=Kodokan |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311144955/http://www.kodokan.org/e_basic/access_eishoji.html |archive-date=March 11, 2011 }}</ref> Iikubo, Kano's ''Kitō-ryū'' instructor, attended the dōjō three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name {{nihongo3|[[Kodokan]]|講道館|Kōdōkan|"place for expounding the way"}}, and Kano had not yet received his {{nihongo3|''Menkyo''|免許||certificate of mastery}} in ''Kitō-ryū'', this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.

The ''Eisho-ji'' dōjō was originally [[Shoin-zukuri|shoin]]. It was a relatively small affair, consisting of a 12 [[Tatami|jo]]<ref>Jo is the Japanese unit of area.</ref> (214 sq ft) training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being [[Tomita Tsunejirō]] and [[Shiro Saigo]].<ref>Kano (2008) p. 20</ref> In August, the following year, the pair were granted {{nihongo3|[[shodan (rank)|shodan]]|初段||first rank}} grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.<ref>Lowry (2006) p. 49</ref>

===Judo versus jujutsu===
{{Main|Kodokan–Totsuka rivalry}}
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of {{nihongo3|''seiryoku zen'yō''|精力善用||maximum efficiency, minimum effort}} and {{nihongo3|''jita kyōei''|自他共栄||mutual welfare and benefit}}. He illustrated the application of ''seiryoku zen'yō'' with the concept of {{nihongo3|''jū yoku gō o seisu''|柔能く剛を制す - 柔能剛制||softness controls hardness}}:
[[File:Judo.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.45|{{nihongo3|"Judo"|柔道|jūdō}}, written in [[kanji]] ]]
{{blockquote|In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ''ju yoku go o seisu''.<ref>Kano (2005) pp. 39–40</ref>}}

Kano realised that ''seiryoku zen'yō'', initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the [[Confucianism|Confucianist]]-influenced ''jita kyōei'', the wider application shaped the development of judo from a {{nihongo3|martial art|武術|bujutsu}} to a {{nihongo3|martial way|武道|budō}}. Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasized the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.<ref>For Kano's opinions on the wider applicability of ''jita kyōei'' to life see for example, Kano (2008) p. 107</ref> He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of jujutsu:

{{blockquote|At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 56</ref>}}

Kano believed that "''jūjutsu''{{-"}} was insufficient to describe his art: although {{nihongo3|''jutsu''|術}} means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to {{nihongo3|''dō''|道}}, meaning "way", "road" or "path", which implies a more philosophical context than ''jutsu'' and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of ''[[tao]]''. Thus Kano renamed it {{nihongo3|judo|柔道|Jūdō}}.<ref>"Judo" had been used before then, as in the case of a jujutsu school that called itself {{nihongo3|''Chokushin-ryū Jūdō''|直信流柔道||Sometimes rendered as Jikishin-ryū Jūdō}}, but its use was rare.</ref>

==Judo ''waza'' (techniques)==
{{See also|List of judo techniques|List of Kodokan judo techniques}}
There are three basic categories of {{nihongo3|''waza''|技||techniques}} in judo: {{nihongo3|''nage-waza''|投げ技||throwing techniques}}, {{nihongo3|''katame-waza''|固技||grappling techniques}} and {{nihongo3|''atemi-waza''|当て身技||striking techniques}}.<ref>Daigo (2005) p. 8</ref> Judo is mostly known for ''nage-waza'' and ''katame-waza''.<ref>Numerous texts exist that describe the ''waza'' of judo in detail. Daigo (2005); Inokuma and Sato (1987); Kano (1994); Mifune (2004); and Ohlenkamp (2006) are some of the better examples</ref>

Judo practitioners typically devote a portion of each practice session to {{nihongo3|[[uke (martial arts)|''ukemi'']]|受け身||break-falls}}, in order that ''nage-waza'' can be practiced without significant risk of injury. Several distinct types of ''ukemi'' exist, including {{nihongo3|''ushiro ukemi''|後ろ受身||rear breakfalls}}; {{nihongo3|''yoko ukemi''|横受け身||side breakfalls}}; {{nihongo3|''mae ukemi''|前受け身||front breakfalls}}; and {{nihongo3|''zenpo kaiten ukemi''|前方回転受身||rolling breakfalls}}<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 45–54</ref>

The person who performs a ''Waza'' is known as {{nihongo3|[[tori (martial arts)|''tori'']]|取り||literally "taker"}} and the person to whom it is performed is known as {{nihongo3|[[uke (martial arts)|''uke'']]|受け||"receiver"}}.<ref>Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 179</ref>

===''Nage-waza'' (throwing techniques)===
''Nage-waza'' include all techniques in which ''tori'' attempts to throw or trip ''uke'', usually with the aim of placing ''uke'' on their back. Each technique has three distinct stages:

*{{nihongo3|''[[Kuzushi]]''|崩し}}: the opponent becoming off balanced;<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 42–43; Mifune (2004) pp. 41–43</ref>
*{{nihongo3|''Tsukuri''|作り}}: turning in and fitting into the throw;<ref name=tsuk>Kano (1994) p. 44; Mifune (2004) p. 44</ref>
*{{nihongo3|''Kake''|掛け}}: execution and completion of the throw.<ref name=tsuk/>

''Nage-waza'' are typically drilled by the use of {{nihongo3|''uchi-komi''|内込}}, repeated turning-in, taking the throw up to the point of ''kake''.<ref>Takahashi (2005) pp. 39–43</ref>

Traditionally, ''nage-waza'' are further categorised into {{nihongo3|''tachi-waza''|立ち技||standing techniques}}, throws that are performed with ''tori'' maintaining an upright position, and {{nihongo3|''sutemi-waza''|捨身技||sacrifice techniques}}, throws in which ''tori'' sacrifices his upright position in order to throw ''uke''.<ref name="Daigo p. 10">Daigo (2005) p. 10</ref>

''Tachi-waza'' are further subdivided into {{nihongo3|''te-waza''|手技||hand techniques}},<ref name="All Judo Hand Techniques (Te-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Hand Techniques (Te-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/hand-techniques-tewaza/}}</ref> in which ''tori'' predominantly uses their arms to throw ''uke''; {{nihongo3|''koshi-waza''|腰技||hip techniques}}<ref name="All Judo Hip Techniques (Koshi-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Hip Techniques (Koshi-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/hip-techniques-koshiwaza/}}</ref> throws that predominantly use a lifting motion from the hips; and {{nihongo3|''ashi-waza''|足技||foot and leg techniques}},<ref name="All Judo Foot Techniques (Ashi-Waza)">{{cite web|title=All Judo Foot Techniques (Ashi-Waza)|url=https://judoinfo.com/foot-techniques-ashi-waza/}}</ref> throws in which ''tori'' predominantly utilises their legs.<ref name="Daigo p. 10"/>
[[File:Haraigoshi.jpg|thumb|{{nihongo3|''[[Harai goshi]]''|払腰||sweeping hip}}, a ''koshi-waza'']]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|rowspan="5" style="background:lavender"| {{nihongo3|'''''Nage-waza'''''|投げ技}}<br />throwing techniques
|rowspan="3" style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Tachi-waza'''''|立ち技}}<br />standing techniques
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Te-waza'''''|手技}}<br />hand techniques
|-
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Koshi-waza'''''|腰技}}<br />hip techniques
|-
|style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Ashi-waza'''''|足技}}<br />foot and leg techniques
|-
|rowspan="2" style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Sutemi-waza'''''|捨身技}}<br />sacrifice techniques
|style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Ma-sutemi-waza'''''|真捨身技}}<br />rear sacrifice techniques
|-
|style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Yoko-sutemi-waza'''''|橫捨身技}}<br />side sacrifice techniques
|}

===''Katame-waza'' (grappling techniques)===
''Katame-waza'' is further categorised into {{nihongo3|''[[osaekomi-waza]]''|抑込技||holding techniques}}, in which ''tori'' traps and pins ''uke'' on their back on the floor; {{nihongo3|''[[shime-waza]]''|絞技||strangulation techniques}}, in which ''tori'' attempts to force a submission by choking or strangling ''uke''; and {{nihongo3|''[[kansetsu-waza]]''|関節技||joint techniques}}, in which ''tori'' attempts to submit ''uke'' by painful manipulation of their joints.<ref>For full coverage of [[katame waza]] techniques extant in current judo competition rules, see Adams (1991), Kashiwazaki (1992) and Kashiwazaki (1997)</ref>

A related concept is that of {{nihongo3|''ne-waza''|寝技||prone techniques}}, in which ''waza'' are applied from a non-standing position.<ref>{{cite web|last=Koizumi|first=Gunji|title=Ne-waza (Groundwork) and Atemi-waza (blows) in Judo|url=http://www.ejmas.com/jcs/2004jcs/jcsart_Koizumi_0704.htm|work=Judo|publisher=Budokwai Judo Quarterly Bulletin|access-date=11 September 2012}}</ref>

In competitive judo, ''Kansetsu-waza'' is currently limited to elbow joint manipulation.<ref>Adams (1991)</ref> Manipulation and locking of other joints can be found in various kata, such as ''Katame-no-kata'' and ''Kodokan goshin jutsu''.<ref>Otaki & Draeger (1983) pp. 398–405; Kano (1982) pp. 192–203</ref>
[[File:Juji.jpg|thumb|{{nihongo|[[Armlock#Juji-gatame|''Juji gatame'']]|十字固||cross lock}}(armbar), a ''kansetsu-waza'']]
{| class="wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
|rowspan="3" style="background:lavender"| {{nihongo3|'''''Katame-waza'''''|固技}}<br />grappling techniques
|colspan="2" style="background:#b0c4de"| {{nihongo3|'''''Osaekomi-waza'''''|抑込技}}<br />holding or pinning techniques
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#ccf"| {{nihongo3|'''''Shime-waza'''''|絞技}}<br />strangulation techniques
|-
|colspan="2" style="background:#b0ccfb"| {{nihongo3|'''''Kansetsu-waza'''''|関節技}}<br />Joint techniques (locks)
|}

===''Atemi-waza'' (striking techniques)===
''Atemi-waza'' are techniques in which ''tori'' disables ''uke'' with a strike to a vital point. ''Atemi-waza'' are not permitted outside of ''kata''.<ref>Daigo (2005) p. 9; Harrison (1952) pp. 162–168</ref>

==Pedagogy==
[[File:Judo-Tokyo-2016-10-1.webm|thumb|Children practicing judo in [[Tokyo]]]]

===''Randori'' (free practice)===
Judo pedagogy emphasizes {{nihongo3|randori|乱取り||literally "taking chaos", but meaning "free practice"}}. This term covers a variety of forms of practice, and the intensity at which it is carried out varies depending on intent and the level of expertise of the participants. At one extreme, is a compliant style of randori, known as {{nihongo3|''Yakusoku geiko''|約束稽古||prearranged practice}}, in which neither participant offers resistance to their partner's attempts to throw. A related concept is that of {{nihongo3|''Sute geiko''|捨稽古||throw-away practice}}, in which an experienced judoka allows himself to be thrown by his less-experienced partner.<ref>Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84</ref> At the opposite extreme from ''yakusoku geiko'' is the hard style of randori that seeks to emulate the style of judo seen in competition. While hard randori is the cornerstone of judo, over-emphasis of the competitive aspect is seen as undesirable by traditionalists if the intent of the randori is to "win" rather than to learn.<ref>Kano (1994) p. 142; Ishikawa and Draeger (1999) p. 84</ref>

===Kata (forms)===
{{See also|Kata}}
[[File:Hiki-otoshi.jpg|thumb|[[Jigoro Kano]] and [[Yamashita Yoshitsugu]] performing ''Koshiki-no-kata'']]

{{nihongo3|kata|形|Kata|forms}} are pre-arranged patterns of techniques and in judo, with the exception of elements of the ''[[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata|Seiryoku-Zen'yō Kokumin-Taiiku]]'', they are all practised with a partner. Their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in randori, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mrother/What_is_a_Kata.html|title=What is a Kata?|work=umich.edu|access-date=March 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219195403/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mrother/What_is_a_Kata.html|archive-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref>

There are ten kata that are recognized by the Kodokan today:<ref>For a review of the ten official Kodokan kata, see Jones and Hanon (2010)</ref>

* {{nihongo3|''[[Randori-no-kata]]''|乱取りの形||Free practice forms}}, comprising two kata:
** {{nihongo3|''[[Nage-no-kata]]''|投の形||Forms of throwing}} Fifteen throws, practiced both left- and right-handed, three each from the five categories of ''nage waza'': ''te waza'', ''koshi waza'', ''ashi waza'', ''ma sutemi waza'' and ''yoko sutemi waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 148–159; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 73–109, 139–266</ref>
** {{nihongo3|''[[Katame-no-kata]]''|固の形||Forms of grappling or holding}}. Fifteen techniques in three sets of five, illustrating the three categories of ''katame waza'': ''osaekomi waza'', ''shime waza'' and ''kansetsu waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 160–172; Otaki and Draeger, pp. 110–138, 267–405</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Kime-no-kata]]''|極の形||Forms of decisiveness}}. Twenty techniques, illustrating the principles of defence in a combat situation, performed from kneeling and standing positions. Attacks are made unarmed and armed with a dagger and a sword. This kata utilises ''atemi waza'', striking techniques, that are forbidden in randori.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 173–191</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Kodokan Goshin Jutsu|Kōdōkan goshinjutsu]]''|講道館護身術||Kodokan skills of self-defence}}. The most recent recognised kata, comprising twenty-one techniques of defence against attack from an unarmed assailant and one armed with a knife, stick and pistol. This kata incorporates various jujutsu techniques such as wrist locks and ''atemi waza''.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 192–203</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Ju-no-kata|Jū-no-kata]]''|柔の形||Forms of gentleness & flexibility}}. Fifteen techniques, arranged in three sets of five, demonstrating the principle of ''Jū'' and its correct use in offence and defence.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 204–219; Fukuda (2004) pp. 1–144</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''Gō-no-kata''|剛の形||Forms of force}}. One of the oldest kata, comprising ten forms that illustrate the efficient use of force and resistance. Now rarely practiced.<ref>De Crée and Jones (2009a, 2009b, 2009c)</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Itsutsu-no-kata]]''|五の形||The five forms}}. An advanced kata, illustrating the principle of ''seiryoku zen'yō'' and the movements of the universe.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 220–223</ref> The kata predates the creation of Kodokan and originated in [[Tenjin Shinyō-ryū]].<ref>De Crée (2012) pp. 56–107</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Koshiki-no-kata]]''|古式の形||Traditional forms}}. Derived from ''Kitō-ryū'' Jujutsu, this kata was originally intended to be performed wearing armour. Kano chose to preserve it as it embodied the principles of judo.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 224–238</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Seiryoku Zen'yo Kokumin Taiiku no Kata|Seiryoku Zen'yō Kokumin Taiiku]]''|精力善用国家体育||Maximum-efficiency national physical education}}. A series of exercises designed to develop the physique for judo.<ref>Kano (1994) pp. 239–251</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''Joshi-goshinhō''|女子護身法||Methods of self-defence for women}}. An exercise completed in 1943, and of which the development was ordered by [[Jirō Nangō]], the second Kodokan president.<ref>De Crée and Jones (2011a, 2011b, 2011c)</ref>

In addition, there are a number of commonly practiced kata that are not recognised by the Kodokan. Some of the more common kata include:

* {{nihongo3|''[[Go-no-sen-no-kata]]''|後の先の形||}} A "kata" of pre-emptive counter techniques that some claim has a heritage from [[Waseda University]] in [[Tokyo]]. The form is little more than standard counters, bookended by some protocol.  Moreover, there is no universal standard nor accepted reference text.  The exercise is unknown of in Japan, and was  popularised in the West by [[Mikinosuke Kawaishi]].<ref>Fromm and Soames (1982) pp. 71–72, 109</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Nage-Waza-Ura-no-kata|Nage-waza-ura-no-kata]]''|投げ技裏の形||}} A much more elegant and coherent kata of counter techniques, created by [[Kyuzo Mifune]].<ref>Mifune (2004) pp. 211–220</ref>
* {{nihongo3|''[[Katame-waza ura-no-kata]]''|固め技裏の形||Forms of reversing controlling techniques}} a kata of counter-attacks to controlling techniques, attributed to {{ill|Kazuo Itō|Fr|Kazuo Ito|vertical-align=sup}}<ref>De Crée (2015) pp. 155–174</ref><ref>Itō (1970) pp. 1–111</ref>

===Tandoku-renshu (practice by oneself)===
* Personal work.<ref>Cf. Jigoro Kano, ''Kodokan Judo'', Kodansha, US, 2013, § Tandoku-renshu.</ref>

==Competitive judo==

===History===
[[File:2010 World Judo Championships - Thierry Fabre Vs Takamasa Anai 2.JPG|thumb|right|Japanese judoka [[Takamasa Anai]] Vs French judoka [[Thierry Fabre]] during the [[2010 World Judo Championships]] held in Tokyo]]
[[File:Yoshimatsu vs. Daigo in 1951.jpg|thumb|right|[[Yoshihiko Yoshimatsu]] attempting to throw [[Toshirō Daigo|Toshiro Daigo]] with an [[uchi mata]] in the final of the 1951 [[All-Japan Judo Championships]] ]]
{{nihongo|Contest|試合|shiai}} is a vitally important aspect of judo. In 1899, Kano was asked to chair a committee of the [[Dai Nippon Butoku Kai]] to draw up the first formal set of contest rules for jujutsu. These rules were intended to cover contests between different various traditional schools of jujutsu as well as practitioners of Kodokan judo. Contests were 15 minutes long and were judged on the basis of ''nage waza'' and ''katame waza'', excluding ''atemi waza''. Wins were by two ippons, awarded in every four-main different path of winning alternatives, by "Throwing", where the opponent's back strikes flat onto the mat with sufficient force, by "Pinning" them on their back for a "sufficient" amount of time, or by "Submission", which could be achieved via ''Shime-waza'' or ''Kansetsu-waza'', in which the opponent was forced to give himself or herself up or summon a referee's or corner-judge's stoppage. Finger, toe and ankle locks were prohibited.<ref name="judoruleshistory">Hoare (2005) pp. 4–7</ref> In 1900, these rules were adopted by the Kodokan with amendments made to prohibit all joint locks for ''kyu'' grades and added wrist locks to the prohibited ''kansetsu-waza'' for ''[[dan (rank)|dan]]'' grades. It was also stated that the ratio of ''tachi-waza'' to ''ne-waza'' should be between 70% and 80% for ''kyu'' grades and between 60% and 70% for ''dan'' grades.<ref name="judoruleshistory"/>

In 1916, additional rulings were brought in to further limit ''kansetsu waza'' with the prohibition of ''[[ashi garami]]'' and neck locks, as well as ''do jime''.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 109</ref> These were further added to in 1925.

Jigoro Kano for a long time wished to see judo as an [[Olympic sports|Olympic discipline]].<ref>Niehaus, Andreas. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9R_cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102 'If You Want to Cry, Cry on the Green Mats of Kôdôkan'] in ''Olympism: The Global Vision'', 2013, p. 102.</ref> The first time judo was seen in the [[Olympic Games]] was in an informal demonstration hosted by Kano at the [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judoinfo.com/kano.htm |author1=Jigoro Kano |title=The Contribution of Judo to Education by Jigoro Kano |website=Judo Info |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> However, Kano was ambivalent about judo's potential inclusion as an Olympic sport:
{{blockquote|I have been asked by people of various sections as to the wisdom and possibility of judo being introduced with other games and sports at the Olympic Games. My view on the matter, at present, is rather passive. If it be the desire of other member countries, I have no objection. But I do not feel inclined to take any initiative. For one thing, judo in reality is not a mere sport or game. I regard it as a principle of life, art and science. In fact, it is a means for personal cultural attainment. Only one of the forms of judo training, so-called randori or free practice can be classed as a form of sport. Certainly, to some extent, the same may be said of boxing and fencing, but today they are practiced and conducted as sports. Then the Olympic Games are so strongly flavored with nationalism that it is possible to be influenced by it and to develop "Contest Judo", a retrograde form as ju-jitsu was before the Kodokan was founded. Judo should be free as art and science from any external influences, political, national, racial, and financial or any other organized interest. And all things connected with it should be directed to its ultimate object, the "Benefit of Humanity". Human sacrifice is a matter of ancient history.<ref>Koizumi (1947)</ref>}}

===Use of judo at the Summer Olympic Games===
{{See also|Judo at the Summer Olympics}}
[[File:KITLV_A367_-_Japanse_sporten_in_Japan,_vermoedelijk_judo,_KITLV_79640.tiff|thumb|left|Judo (1935)]]
[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|thumb|Olympic Judo pictogram]]
At the 57th [[IOC Session|general session]] of the [[International Olympic Committee]], held in [[Rome]] on 22 August 1960, the IOC members formally decided to include Judo among the events to be contested at the Olympic Games. The proposal, which was placed before the session by the Japanese delegation, was welcomed by all participants. The few who opposed had nothing against Judo itself but against increasing the number of Olympic events as a whole. There were only two dissenting votes in the final poll. For the first time in history a traditional Japanese sport has been included in the Olympic competition.<ref>Judo is Now Olympic Event, ''New Japan'', vol. 13, pp. 118–119.</ref>

Finally, [[Judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics|judo was first contested as an Olympic sport]] for men in the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Games]] in [[Tokyo]]. The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.<ref>{{cite book|title=Black Belt Vol. 2, No. 2|publisher=Active Interest Media, Inc.|date=Mar 1964|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QdkDAAAAMBAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QdkDAAAAMBAJ/page/n26 27]}}</ref> Dutchman [[Anton Geesink]] won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating [[Akio Kaminaga]] of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in [[Judo at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] as a demonstration event, and an [[Judo at the 1992 Summer Olympics|official medal event in 1992]].

===Use of judo at the Summer Paralympic Games===
{{See also|Judo at the Summer Paralympics}}
Judo was [[Judo at the 1988 Summer Paralympics|introduced as a Paralympic sport]] at the [[1988 Summer Paralympics]] in [[Seoul]], with women's events contested for the first time at [[Judo at the 2004 Summer Paralympics|2004 Summer Paralympics]].

===Use of judo at the Commonwealth Games===

Judo was an optional sport included in the three editions of the [[Commonwealth Games]]: [[1990 Commonwealth Games]] in Auckland, [[2002 Commonwealth Games]] in Manchester and [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in  Glasgow. From 2022, judo will become a core sport in the 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games, in Birmingham and also the 23rd edition of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.

===Current international contest rules===
[[File:石井と鈴木.jpg|thumb|[[All-Japan Judo Championships]], 2007 men's final]]
{{Main|Judo rules}}

Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements (for example by using prohibited techniques), or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo. Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/judo.html|title=Judo Rules: Basic Rules of Judo|work=rulesofsport.com}}</ref>

====Weight divisions====
There are currently seven [[weight divisions]], subject to change by governing bodies, and may be modified based on the age of the competitors:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Weight divisions
!
! Extra Lightweight
! Half Lightweight
! Lightweight
! Half Middleweight
! Middleweight
! Half Heavyweight
! Heavyweight
|-
!scope="row"| Men
| Under {{convert|60|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|60–66|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|66–73|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|73–81|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|81–90|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|90–100|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| Over {{convert|100|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|-
!scope="row"| Women
| Under {{convert|48|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|48–52|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|52–57|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|57–63|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|63–70|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| {{convert|70–78|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
| Over {{convert|78|kg|lb st|abbr=on|disp=br()}}
|}

[[File:Judo throw.jpg|thumb|Throw during competition, leads to an ippon]]

====Competition scoring====
A throw that places the opponent on their back with impetus and control scores an {{nihongo3|ippon|一本}}, winning the contest.<ref name=score>Takahashi (2005) pp. 18–20</ref> A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a {{nihongo3|waza-ari|技あり}}.<ref name=score/> Two scores of waza-ari equal an ippon {{nihongo3|&nbsp;|技あり合わせて一本|waza-ari awasete ippon}}. This rule was cancelled in 2017, but it was resumed in 2018. Formerly, a throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a {{nihongo3|yuko|有効}}.<ref name=score/>

In 2017, the [[International Judo Federation]] announced changes in evaluation of points. There will only be ippon and waza-ari scores given during a match with yuko scores now included within waza-ari.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/adapted-rules-of-the-next-olympic-cycle |title=Wide consensus for the adapted rules of the next Olympic Cycle |work=IJF.org |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=June 2, 2017 }}</ref>

Ippon is scored in ''ne-waza'' for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised ''osaekomi-waza'' for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through ''shime-waza'' or ''kansetsu-waza''.<ref name=score/> A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying {{nihongo3|maitta|まいった||I surrender}}.<ref name=score/> A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 10 seconds scores waza-ari (formerly waza-ari was awarded for holds of longer than 15 seconds and yuko for holds of longer than 10 seconds).<ref name=score/>

Formerly, there was an additional score that was lesser to yuko, that of {{nihongo3|Koka|効果}}.<ref name=score/> This has since been removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://judoinfo.com/pdf/Contest%20Rules-08.pdf|publisher=INT. Judo Federation : IJF Referee Commission |title=Refereeing Rules Alterations: Test Event on WC Junior Bangkok'08 |website=Judo Info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170117/http://judoinfo.com/pdf/Contest%20Rules-08.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2016|access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://judoinfo.com/rules2.htm |first1=Neil |last1=Ohlenkamp |title=Evolution of Judo Contest Rules |website=Judo Info |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the ''Golden Score'' rule. ''Golden Score'' is a [[sudden death (sport)|sudden death]] situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins. If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by {{nihongo3|Hantei|判定}}, the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judo-ch.jp/english/ijf_judge/entyou/ |title=Extended match (e.g. Golden Score Contest)  |website=Judo Channel |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

There have been changes to the scoring. In January 2013, the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised (Hansoku-make).

====Penalties====
Two types of penalties may be awarded. A shido (指導{{snd}} literally "guidance") is awarded for minor rule infringements. A shido can also be awarded for a prolonged period of non-aggression. Recent rule changes allow for the first shidos to result in only warnings. If there is a tie, then and only then, will the number of shidos (if less than three) be used to determine the winner. After three shidos are given, the victory is given to the opponent, constituting an indirect hansoku-make (反則負け{{snd}} literally "foul-play defeat"), but does not result in expulsion from the tournament. Note: Prior to 2017, the 4th shido was hansoku-make. If hansoku-make is awarded for a major rule infringement, it results not just in loss of the match, but in the expulsion from the tournament of the penalized player.

==In mixed martial arts==
{{Main|Mixed martial arts}}

A number of judo practitioners have made an impact in [[mixed martial arts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/7/15/4502360/ufc-mma-fans-guide-to-grappling-olympic-judo-ronda-rousey-highlights-video |first1=T.P. |last1=Grant |title=MMA Fan's Guide to Grappling: Judo |publisher=Bloody Elbow |date=July 15, 2013 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605052046/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2013/7/15/4502360/ufc-mma-fans-guide-to-grappling-olympic-judo-ronda-rousey-highlights-video }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony |last=Fusco |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1303377-judo-the-gentile-way-why-judo-is-so-underrated-in-mma-today |title=Judo "The Gentle Way": Why Judo Is so Underrated in MMA Today |website=Bleacher Report |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan |last=Snowden |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1134250-the-gentle-way-strikeforce-champion-ronda-rousey-and-the-birth-of-a-judo-star |title=The Gentle Way: Strikeforce Champion Ronda Rousey and the Birth of a Judo Star |website=Bleacher Report |date=April 6, 2012 |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> Notable judo-trained MMA fighters include Olympic medalists [[Hidehiko Yoshida]] (Gold, 1992), [[Naoya Ogawa]] (Silver, 1992), [[Paweł Nastula]] (Gold, 1996), [[Makoto Takimoto]] (Gold, 2000), [[Satoshi Ishii]] (Gold, 2008), [[Ronda Rousey]] (Bronze, 2008), and [[Kayla Harrison]] (Gold, 2012 and 2016), former Russian national judo championship bronze medalist [[Fedor Emelianenko]], [[Yoshihiro Akiyama]], [[Don Frye]], [[Rick Hawn]], [[Dan Kelly (fighter)|Daniel Kelly]], [[Hector Lombard]], [[Karo Parisyan]], [[Ayaka Hamasaki]], [[Antônio Silva (fighter)|Antônio Silva]], [[Oleg Taktarov]], [[Rhadi Ferguson]], [[Dong-Sik Yoon]], and [[Khabib Nurmagomedov]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan |last=Snowden |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1141554-the-gentle-way-part-ii-olympians-ronda-rousey-and-rick-hawn-adapt-to-mma |title=The Gentle Way Part II: Olympians Ronda Rousey and Rick Hawn Adapt to MMA |website=Bleacher Report |date=April 11, 2012 |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Erickson |first=Matt |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/07/is-ronda-rousey-the-savior-judo-has-been-waiting-for |title=Is Ronda Rousey the savior judo has been waiting for? |website=MMAjunkie.com |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=February 22, 2016}}</ref>

==Alternative styles and derivative martial arts==
[[File:Judo Camp in Artjärvi, Finland.jpg|thumb|International judo camp in [[Artjärvi]], [[Orimattila]], [[Finland]]]]
Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be 
===[[Kosen judo]]===
Commonly described as a separate style of Judo, Kosen judo is a competition rules set of Kodokan judo that was popularized in the early 20th century for use in Japanese Special High Schools Championships held at Kyoto Imperial University.<ref>Kashiwazaki (1997) pp. 14–15</ref> The word "Kosen" is an acronym of {{nihongo3|Koto Senmon Gakko|高等専門学校||literally "Higher Professional School"}}. Currently, competitions are organized between Japan's seven [[Imperial Universities|former Imperial Universities]] and referred to as ''Nanatei Judo'' ([[:ja:七帝柔道]], literally "Seven Emperors Judo"). Kosen judo's focus on newaza has drawn comparisons with [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]].
===Freestyle Judo===
Freestyle Judo is a form of competitive judo practiced primarily in the United States that retains techniques that have been removed from mainstream IJF rules.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://image.aausports.org/dnn/judo/2016/2016JudoHandbook.pdf| title = Judo handbook (PDF)| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205201639/http://image.aausports.org/dnn/judo/2016/2016JudoHandbook.pdf| archive-date = February 5, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> Freestyle Judo is currently backed by the International Freestyle Judo Alliance (IFJA). The [[Amateur Athletic Union]] (AAU) officially sanctions Freestyle Judo in the [[United States|United States of America]].<ref>{{official website|http://www.freestylejudo.org/}}</ref>
===Georgian Judo===
Georgian Judo is influenced by [[Chidaoba]] (Georgian cultural jacket wrestling). Chidaoba's major influence on the Georgian style of judo is in its unorthodox grips as well as its throws and takedowns. Georgian Judo is also known for its countering techniques through the use of power moves such as bear hugs and double underhooks into throws and takedowns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.judoinside.com/news/5918/The_development_of_Georgian_judo|title=The development of Georgian Judo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/24/judo-grand-slam-returns-to-the-land-of-champions-georgia|title=Judo Grand Slam Returns|date=24 March 2023 }}</ref> It is represented by various olympic winners and World Champions, such as [[Lasha Bekauri]], [[Lukhumi Chkhvimiani]], [[Shota Chochishvili]], [[Tato Grigalashvili]], [[Zaza Kedelashvili]], [[David Khakhaleishvili]], [[Luka Maisuradze]],[[Lasha Shavdatuashvili]] and others.

===Russian Judo===
This distinctive style of judo was influenced by the Soviet martial art of Sambo. It is represented by well-known coaches such as Alexander Retuinskih and Igor Yakimov, and mixed martial arts fighters such as Fedor Emelianenko, Oleg Taktarov, Khabib Nurmagomedov, and Karo Parisyan. In turn, Russian judo has influenced mainstream judo, with techniques such as the flying armbar being accepted into Kodokan judo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/08/02/the_russian_judo_revolution_16749|title=The Russian Judo Revolution|date=2 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.realnoevremya.com/articles/5923-judo-its-history-in-the-world-russia-and-tatarstan|title=Judo:Its history in the world and Russia}}</ref>
===Mongolian Judo===
Unlike other Far East styles of Judo, Mongolian Judo focuses much more on power rather than technique. The influence of [[Bokh]] on Mongolian Judo can be seen in its grips and body positioning. Judo grips such as the over under, double underhooks and the heavy use of grips on the belt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chesslikefighting.com/what-is-mongolian-judo-style/|title=Mongolian Judo|date=19 June 2023|access-date=10 January 2024|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227123027/https://chesslikefighting.com/what-is-mongolian-judo-style/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/the-secret-of-mongolian-success|title=The secret of Mongolian Judo}}</ref> It is represented by various world champions, such as [[Khaliuny Boldbaatar]], [[Tsendiin Damdin]], [[Boldyn Gankhaich]], [[Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar]], [[Mönkhbatyn Urantsetseg]], [[Ganbatyn Boldbaatar]].
===Korean Judo===
Korean Judo is also very technical but what really separates it from other styles is the speed at which its techniques are performed. Korean Judo it is not powerful in terms of using strength but instead, the practitioners use speed, movement and technique in order to create fast and powerful snaps. This styles produced various olympic champions, like [[Ahn Byeong-keun]], [[Cho Min-sun]], [[Choi Min-ho (judoka)|Choi Min-ho]], [[Ha Hyung-joo]], [[Jeon Ki-young]], [[Kim Jae-bum]], [[Kim Jae-yup]], [[Lee Kyung-keun]], [[Lee Won-hee]], [[Song Dae-nam]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://littleninjaparenting.com/what-is-korean-judo-yudo-unique-origins-revealed/|title=What is Korean Judo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://injoma.com/xml/26918/26918.pdf|title=The Development of Korean Judo}}</ref>
===French Judo===
French Judo is based on tactical Kumi Kata and focuses on breaking the posture of the opponent as well as preventing opponents from attaining a proper grip. This style does not use a huge amount of power, it prefer to use technique, tactics and timing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theworld.org/stories/2021-08-03/france-loves-judo-how-french-team-won-olympic-gold|title=France Loves Judo|date=3 August 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/535|title=Judo For The World}}</ref> Many French judo practitioners have become World and Olympic champions, like [[Clarisse Agbegnenou]], [[Émilie Andéol]], [[Marc Alexandre]], [[Djamel Bouras]], [[Amandine Buchard]], [[Guillaume Chaine]], [[Axel Clerget]], [[Sarah-Léonie Cysique]], [[Lucie Décosse]], [[Romane Dicko]], [[David Douillet]], [[Catherine Fleury-Vachon]], [[Alexandre Iddir]] and many others.

===Cuban Judo===
Cuban Judo is characterized by an explosive and high athletic style that puts an emphasis on body conditioning and calculated planning mixed with raw power.
In terms of training the athletes use a particularly methodical and intellectual approach to the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/davidcainas/cuban-judo-history|title=Cuban Judo History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archysport.com/2022/01/the-origin-of-judo-in-cuba/|title=The Origin Of Judo In Cuba|date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>
===Azerbaijani Judo===
Judo in Azerbaijan has developed over the years and has become deep rooted and considered a top sport in the country.
It's very similar to Georgian Judo, as its mostly focused on the practitioner's strength during throws.
It's a hybrid of the original Kodokan Judo and the traditional Azerbaijan style of wrestling called Azeri, whose techniques consist of unorthodox grips and positioning during counter-attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idman.biz/en/news/judo/14108|title=Aizerbaijan|date=12 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://grapplezilla.com/judo-styles/|title=Judo styles}}</ref>

===Israeli Judo===
Judo has become a top sport in Israel only recently.
Israeli Judo is characterized by a particular emphasis on hip throws, which are executed with a mix of technique and aggression, with the practitioner that has to adjust his sleeves before powerfully gripping and throwing the opponent away.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maccabiusa.com/israeli-judo-legends-zeevi-paltchik-arrange-skills-clinic-for-maccabi-juniors/|title=Israeli Judo Legends}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/sports/2016-08-17/ty-article/.premium/why-are-israelis-so-good-at-judo/0000017f-f98d-d880-a7ff-ff8d3a910000|title=Israeli Judo|newspaper=Haaretz |date=17 August 2016 |last1=Ben-Tal |first1=Daniel }}</ref>

===[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]]===
Sambo is influenced by judo combined with [[wrestling]] techniques, and striking in case of [[Combat Sambo|combat sambo]]. [[Vasili Oshchepkov]] was one of the first European judo black belts under Kano. Oshchepkov went on to contribute his knowledge of judo as one of the three founders of Sambo, which also integrated various international and [[Soviet bloc]] wrestling styles and other combative techniques. Oshchepkov was executed during the political [[Great Purge|purges]] of 1937 and judo was banned for decades until its inclusion in the [[Judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Olympics]], where sambists won 4 bronze medals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egorov |first=Boris |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Why Vladimir Putin would have struggled to be a black belt in the Soviet Union |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/330421-vladimir-putin-judo |website=Russia Beyond}}</ref> In their ''History of Sambo'', Brett Jacques and Scott Anderson wrote that in Russia "judo and SOMBO were considered to be the same thing"—albeit with a different uniform and some differences in the rules.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/stratfordsombo/articles/history-2.html |title=The History of Sombo |website=Members.tripod.com |access-date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===[[Brazilian jiu jitsu|Brazilian jiu-jitsu]]===
An adoption of ''Kano jiu jitsu'' (a common name for judo at the time) in Brazil attributed to [[Mitsuyo Maeda]]'s students,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Seeds of Mitsuyo Maeda |url=https://www.bjjheroes.com/bjj-news/seeds-of-mitsuyo-maeda}}</ref> most notably the [[Gracie family]].<ref name="eros">{{cite web|last=Eros|first=Rildo|title=História do Judô|url=http://www.judodaunicamp.hpg.ig.com.br/historia.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210063301/http://www.judodaunicamp.hpg.ig.com.br/historia.htm|archive-date=2009-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Drysdale |first=Robert |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Who was Oscar Gracie and who taught him Jiu-Jitsu? |url=https://www.global-training-report.com/Robert_Drysdale_4.htm |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Global Training Report}}</ref> [[10th Planet Jiu Jitsu]] and other wrestling-influenced systems [[Submission wrestling|without the gi]] have also become popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=10th Planet Locations |url=https://www.10thplanetjj.com/locations/}}</ref>
=== Other styles ===
Judo also influenced other combat styles such as [[close-quarters combat]] (CQC), [[mixed martial arts]] (MMA), [[shoot wrestling]] and [[submission wrestling]].

==Safety==
Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. [[Randori]] (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kano|first=Jigoro|title=The Contribution of Judo to Education|url=http://judoinfo.com/kano1.htm|website=Judo Info|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely at full force, such as all joint-locking throws from [[Jujutsu]], were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in [[ukemi]] (break falls) and practiced on [[tatami]] (rice straw mats).{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

===''Kansetsu'' and ''shime waza''===
The application of joint manipulation and strangulation/choking techniques is generally safe under controlled conditions typical of judo dōjō and in competition. It is usual for there to be age restrictions on the practice and application of these types of techniques, but the exact nature of these restrictions will vary from country to country and from organization to organization.

===''Nage waza''===
Safety in the practice of throwing techniques depends on the skill level of both tori and uke. Inexpertly applied throws have the potential to injure both tori and uke, for instance when tori compensates for poor technique by powering through the throw. Similarly, poor ukemi can result in injury, particularly from more powerful throws that uke lacks the skill to breakfall from. For these reasons, throws are normally taught in order of difficulty for both tori and uke. This is exemplified in the [[List of Kodokan judo techniques|''Gokyo'']] {{nihongo3||五教||literally "five teachings"}}, a traditional grouping of throws arranged in order of difficulty of ukemi. Those grouped in {{nihongo3|''Dai ikkyo''|第一教||literally "first teaching"}} are relatively simple to breakfall from whereas those grouped in {{nihongo3|''dai gokyo'' |第五教||literally "fifth teaching"}} are difficult to breakfall from.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

==Mental training==
Mental training is an emerging modality of training in judo that aims to improve the performance of high-performance athletes in training and competition and also to promote health and well-being in the daily life of athletes and their entourage through the learning and application of psychological skills. The first publication of a judo-specific practical mental training approach based on sports training principles was in 2005 with the work of Boris Blumenstein, Ronnie Lidor and Gershon Tenenbaum.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blumenstein |first1=Boris |last2=Lidor |first2=Ronnie |last3=Tenenbaum |first3=Gershon |title=Periodization and planning of psychological preparation in elite combat sport programs: The case of judo |journal=International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology |date=2005 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=7–25|doi=10.1080/1612197X.2005.9671755 |s2cid=144190858 }}</ref> In 2022, Caio Gabriel published the first article on mental training that appeared in the scientific journal of the [[International Judo Federation]], "The Arts and Sciences of Judo".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gabriel |first1=Caio |title=Towards Mental Training for Elite Judo Athletes |journal=The Arts and Sciences of Judo |date=2022 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=18–21}}</ref>

==Judoka (practitioner)==
[[File:Judo_newaza.jpg|thumb|Two judoka wearing judogi]]

A practitioner of judo is known as a '''{{nihongo3|judoka|柔道家}}'''. The modern meaning of "judoka" in English is a judo practitioner of any level of expertise,<ref name="Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253">Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253</ref> but traditionally those below the rank of 4th ''dan'' were called {{nihongo3|''kenkyu-sei''|研究生||trainees}}; and only those of 4th ''[[Dan (rank)|dan]]'' or higher were called ''judoka''. (The suffix {{nihongo3|''-ka''|家}}, when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject).

A judo teacher is called {{nihongo3|''[[sensei]]''|先生}}.<ref name="Inokuma and Sato (1987) p. 253"/> Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th ''dan'' and above.<ref>{{Cite book|title=World of Martial Arts|last=Hill|first=Robert|publisher=LuLu Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-0-557-01663-1|location=London, Kentucky|at=Chapter 8}}</ref>

==Judogi (uniform)==
{{Main|Judogi}}
[[File:Judo orange belt (Brusselsshrek).JPG|thumb|right|The judogi is made from a heavy weave to withstand the stress of throwing and grappling.]]

Judo practitioners traditionally wear white uniforms called {{nihongo3|[[keikogi]]|稽古着|keikogi|practice clothing}} or {{nihongo3|[[judogi]]|柔道着|jūdōgi|judo clothing}}<ref>Inokuma and Sato (1987), p. 253; Lowry (2006), pp. 35–61</ref> sometimes abbreviated in the west as "gi". It comprises a heavy cotton [[kimono]]-like jacket called an {{nihongo3|''uwagi''|上衣||jacket}}, similar to traditional {{nihongo3|''hanten''|半纏||workers' jackets}} fastened by an {{nihongo3|[[obi (sash)|obi]]|帯|obi|belt}}, coloured to indicate [[Judo ranks and grades|rank]], and cotton draw-string {{nihongo3|''zubon''|ズボン||trousers}}.<ref>Lowry (2006) p. 39</ref> Early examples of keikogi had short sleeves and trouser legs and the modern long-sleeved judogi was adopted in 1906.<ref>Hoare (2005), p. 8</ref>

The modern use of the blue judogi for high level competition was first suggested by [[Anton Geesink]] at the 1986 Maastricht IJF DC Meeting.<ref name="judogi">{{cite web |url=http://www.judoontario.ca/events/articles/bluejudogi.htm |title=Introduction of the Blue Judogi |publisher=International Judo Federation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912214517/http://www.judoontario.ca/events/articles/bluejudogi.htm |archive-date=September 12, 2007 }}</ref> For competition, a blue judogi is worn by one of the two competitors for ease of distinction by judges, referees, and spectators. In Japan, both judoka use a white judogi and the traditional red obi (based on the colors of the Japanese flag) is affixed to the belt of one competitor. Outside Japan, a colored obi may also be used for convenience in minor competitions, the blue judogi only being mandatory at the regional or higher levels, depending on organization. Japanese practitioners and traditionalists tend to look down on the use of blue because judo is considered a pure sport, and replacing the pure white judogi with the impure blue is an offense.<ref name="judogi" />

For events organized under the auspices of the International judo Federation (IJF), judogi have to bear the IJF Official Logo Mark Label. This label demonstrates that the judogi has passed a number of quality control tests to ensure it conforms to construction regulations ensuring it is not too stiff, flexible, rigid or slippery to allow the opponent to grip or to perform techniques.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judogi Guidance |work=International Judo Federation |url=http://www.intjudo.eu/pictures/news/404_1_1.doc |date=January 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720163641/http://www.intjudo.eu/pictures/news/404_1_1.doc |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Organizations==
{{Main|List of judo organizations}}
The international governing body for judo is the [[International Judo Federation]] (IJF), founded in 1951. Members of the IJF include the [[African Judo Union]] (AJU), the [[Pan-American Judo Confederation]] (PJC), the [[Judo Union of Asia]] (JUA), the [[European Judo Union]] (EJU) and the [[Oceania Judo Union]] (OJU), each comprising a number of national judo associations. The IJF is responsible for organising international competition and hosts the World Judo Championships and is involved in running the [[Olympic Judo]] events.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Judo Federation |url=http://www.ijf.org |access-date=March 13, 2011 }}</ref>

==Rank and grading==
{{Main|Rank in Judo}}
[[File:Judo children.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Two children training in [[judo techniques]] ]]
Judo is a hierarchical art, where seniority of judoka is designated by what is known as the {{nihongo3|[[kyū]]|級|kyū}} -{{nihongo3|[[dan (rank)|dan]]|段|dan}} ranking system. This system was developed by Jigoro Kano and was based on the ranking system in the board game [[Go (game)|Go]].<ref name="Go Ranks">{{cite web |title=Go Ranks |url=http://mechner.com/david/go/kyu.html |website=Mechner |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=19 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219101630/http://mechner.com/david/go/kyu.html }}</ref>

Beginning students progress through kyu grades towards dan grades.

A judoka's position within the kyu-dan ranking system is displayed by the color of their belt. Beginning students typically wear a white belt, progressing through descending kyu ranks until they are deemed to have achieved a level of competence sufficient to be a dan grade, at which point they wear the {{nihongo3|[[Black belt (martial arts)|kuro obi]]|黒帯||black belt}}. The kyu-dan ranking system has since been widely adopted by modern martial arts.<ref name=judorank>{{cite web |last=Ohlenkamp |first=Neil |title=The Judo Rank System |website=JudoInfo.com |date=March 25, 2007 |url=http://www.judoinfo.com/obi.htm |access-date=October 15, 2007 }}</ref>

The highest black belt ranks  have no formal requirements and are decided by the president of the Kodokan. Kano Jigoro's grandson [[Kano Yukimitsu]] served as the fourth president from 1980 until 2009. As an educator by profession, Kanō believed that there should be no end to an individual's learning, and therefore no limit to the number of dan ranks. As of 2011, [[List of judoka#Highest grades|fifteen Japanese men]] have been promoted to {{nihongo3|''jūdan''|十段||10th ''dan''}} by the Kodokan;<ref name=judorank/> the IJF and Western and Asian national federations have promoted another eleven who are not recognized at that level of rank by the Kodokan. On 28 July 2011, the promotion board of USA Judo awarded [[Keiko Fukuda]] the rank of 10th ''dan'', who was the first woman to be promoted to judo's highest level, albeit not a Kodokan-recognized rank.

Although ''dan'' ranks tend to be consistent between national organizations there is more variation in the ''kyū'' grades, with some countries having more ''kyū'' grades. Although initially ''kyū'' grade belt colours were uniformly white, today a variety of colours are used. The first black belts to denote a [[dan rank]] in the 1880s, initially the wide obi was used; as practitioners trained in [[kimono]], only [[white belt|white]] and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the [[judogi]], that an expanded colored belt system of awarding rank was created.<ref name=judorank/> Written accounts from the archives of London's [[Budokwai]] judo club, founded in 1918, record the use of coloured judo belts at the 1926 9th annual Budokwai Display, and a list of ranked colored judokas appears in the Budokwai Committee Minutes of June 1927. Kawaishi visited London and the Budokwai in 1928, and was probably inspired to bring the coloured belt system to France.<ref name=coloredbelts>{{cite web |last=Callan |first=Mike |title=History of the Grading System |website=ResearchGate.com |date=May 2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299604160 |access-date=March 6, 2020 }}</ref>

== World Judo Day ==
On October 28 of every year, the judo community celebrates the World Judo Day in the honor of the birth of Judo's founder, Jigoro Kano. The theme of the World Judo Day changes from year to year, but the goal is always to highlight the moral values of Judo. The first celebration was held in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-28 |title=28 October World Judo Day |url=https://www.eju.net/28-october-world-judo-day/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=European Judo Union |language=en-US}}</ref> Past themes for the celebration have included:

* Bring a Friend (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bring a Friend - NEW |url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/bring-a-friend |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=www.ijf.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Inclusion (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowen |first=Thea |date=2022-10-28 |title=WORLD JUDO DAY 2022: INCLUSION |url=https://www.eju.net/world-judo-day-2022-inclusion/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=European Judo Union |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Solidarity (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowen |first=Thea |date=2021-10-28 |title=HAPPY WORLD JUDO DAY 2021! |url=https://www.eju.net/happy-world-judo-day-2021/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=European Judo Union |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Stronger Together (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=WJD 2020: Show Us How Much We Are Stronger Together |url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/wjd-2020-show-us-how-much-we-are-stronger-together |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.ijf.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Plant a Tree (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=WJD 2019: Plant a Tree |url=https://www.ijf.org/news/show/wjd-2019-plant-a-tree |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.ijf.org |language=en}}</ref>
* Friendship (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-22 |title=WORLD JUDO DAY 2018: FRIENDSHIP |url=https://www.eju.net/world-judo-day-2018-friendship/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=European Judo Union |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Courage (2017)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-26 |title=WORLD JUDO DAY 2017: COURAGE |url=https://www.eju.net/world-judo-day-2017-courage/ |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=European Judo Union |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*Akira Kurosawa, {{nihongo|''[[Sanshiro Sugata]]''|姿三四郎|Sugata Sanshirō|a.k.a. ''Judo Saga''}}, 1943.
*Akira Kurosawa, {{nihongo|''[[Sanshiro Sugata Part II]]''|續姿三四郎|Zoku Sugata Sanshirō|a.k.a. ''Judo Saga II''}}, 1945.
*Johnnie To, {{nihongo|''[[Throw Down (film)|Throw Down]]''| 柔道龍虎榜|Yau doh lung fu bong}}, 2004.

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|Society|Martial arts}}
*[[Judo by country]]
*[[List of celebrity judoka]]
*[[List of judo techniques]], partial list of judo techniques
*[[List of judoka]]
*[[List of World Champions in Judo]]
*[[Jacket wrestling]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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*{{citation |last=Lowry |first=Dave |title=In the dojo. A guide to the rituals and etiquette of the Japanese martial arts |year=2006 |publisher=Weatherhill |location=Boston, MA }}
*{{citation |last=Mifune |first=Kyuzo |title=The Canon of Judo: Classic teachings on principles and techniques |publisher=Kodansha |location=Tokyo, Japan |year=2004 }}
*{{citation |last=Ohlenkamp |first=Neil |title=Judo Unleashed: Essential Throwing & Grappling Techniques for Intermediate to Advanced Martial Artists |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=Maidenhead |year=2006 }}
*{{citation |last1=Otaki |first1=Tadao |last2=Draeger |first2=Donn F. |title=Judo Formal Techniques: Complete guide to Kodokan randori no kata |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |edition=reprint |location=Clarendon, Vermont |year=1997 }}
*{{citation |last=Takahashi |first=Masao |title=Mastering Judo |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign, Illinois |year=2005 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ijf.org/ International Judo Federation (IJF)]—The worldwide [[Sport governing body|governing body]] for judo
*[http://www.judoinside.com All judoka profiles at Judoinside.com]
*[http://www.kodokan.org/ Kodokan Judo Institute]—Headquarters of judo (Kano Jigoro's school)

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