Editing Module:Jōkyū

{{Short description|Period of Japanese history (1219–1222 CE)}}
{{History of Japan |image=Shoso-in.jpg |caption=[[Shōsōin]]}}

{{nihongo|'''Jōkyū'''|承久|}}, also called '''Shōkyū,''' was a [[Japanese era name]] (年号, ''nengō'', lit. year name) after ''[[Kempo (era)|Kempō]]'' and before ''[[Jōō (Kamakura period)|Jōō]].''  This period spanned the years from April 1219 through April 1222.<ref name="nussbaum431">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Jōkyū''" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA431  ''Japan encyclopedia'', p. 431]; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> The reigning emperor was [[Emperor Juntoku|Juntoku]]''-tennō'' (順徳天皇).<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon'', pp. 230-238; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). ''Gukanshō'', pp. 341-343; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 221-223.</ref>

==Change of era==
* '''1219''' {{nihongo|''Jōkyū gannen''|承久元年|}}: The new era name was created because the previous era ended and a new one commenced in ''Kempo'' 3, on the 6th day of the 12th month of 1219.<ref>Brown, p. 341.</ref>

==Events of the ''Jōkyū'' era==
* '''February 12, 1219''' (''Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month''): Shōgun [[Minamoto no Sanetomo|Sanetomo]] was assassinated on the steps of [[Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. The 40 years during which [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], [[Minamoto no Yoriie]] and Minamoto no Sanetomo were successive heads of the [[Kamakura shogunate]] was sometimes called "the period of the three shōguns."<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9  p. 235.] There is a scholarly discrepancy in the specific date of the assassination -- on the 26th day of the 1st month of the 1st year of Jōkyū (Tuesday, February 12, 1219) according to Titsingh; Murray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iSANAAAAYAAJ&dq=minamoto+kokio&pg=PA504  p. 504]; Brinkley, Frank. (1915). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JlUCAAAAYAAJ&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&pg=PA339  ''A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era'', p. 339]; and Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0gweAAAAMAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered  ''Sovereign and Subject'', p. 140.]  Alternately, Sanetomo's death is recorded as January 27, 1219 according to [[Jeffrey Mass|Mass, Jeffrey P.]] (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ijyj-9lHNigC&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&pg=PA157  ''Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History'', p. 157]; Kamiya, Michinori (2008). ''Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku.'' Vol. 1, pp. 17-23; Mutsu, Iso (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lr1-AAAAIAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered  ''Kamakura: Fact and Legend,''] p. 103. Japanese Wikipedia identifies [[:ja:源実朝|Sanetomo's death]] as February 13, 1219.</ref> A new shōgun was not to be named for several years during which the Kamakura bureaucracy nevertheless continued to function without interruption.
* '''1220''' (''Jōkyū 2, 2nd month''): The emperor visited the [[Iwashimizu Shrine]] and the [[Kamo Shrines]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 236.</ref>
* '''May 13, 1221''' (''Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month''): In the 11th year of Juntoku''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (順徳天皇11年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (''senso'') was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old. Shortly thereafter, [[Emperor Chūkyō]] is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 236; Brown, p.343; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]],  [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami|Go-Murakami]].</ref> The reign of Emperor Chūkyō spans a small number of months.
* '''July 29, 1221''' (''Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month''): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (仲恭天皇1年), he abruptly abdicated without designating an heir; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (''senso'')<ref>Varley, p. 44.</ref> was received by a grandson of former [[Emperor Go-Toba]].<ref>Brown, p. 344; Titsingh, p. 238.</ref>
* '''1221''' (''Jōkyū 3''): The [[Jōkyū War]] (''[[Jōkyū no ran]]'') was an armed attempt by [[Emperor Go-Toba]] and his supporters, trying unsuccessfully to take power from the Kamakura bakufu.<ref name="nussbaum431"/>
* '''January 14, 1222''' (''Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month''): [[Emperor Go-Horikawa]] acceded to the throne (''sokui'').<ref>Titsingh, p. 95; Brown, p. 344; Varley,  p. 44.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida. (1979). ''The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō', an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219.''  Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5145872  OCLC 5145872]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC 58053128]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). ''A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa.'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|9780231049405}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6042764  OCLC 6042764]

==External links==
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
* [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=139733&imageID=110031&word=japan&s=1&notword=&d=&c=&f=&lWord=&lField=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&total=1807&num=372&imgs=12&pNum=&pos=382 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was  killed]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before =[[Kempo (era)|Kempo]]
| title = [[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]<br>Jōkyū
| after =[[Jōō (Kamakura period)|Jōō]]
| years = 1219–1222
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Japanese era name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jokyu}}
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
[[Category:1219 in Asia]]
[[Category:1210s in Japan]]
[[Category:1220s in Japan]]
[[Category:13th-century neologisms]]