Editing Module:Shōwa (1312–1317)

{{About|the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperor Hanazono from 1312 to 1317|the Japanese era name used during the reign of [[Hirohito|Emperor Shōwa]]|Shōwa era|the Japanese era name used during the reign of Emperors [[Emperor Junna|Junna]] and [[Emperor Ninmyō|Ninmyō]]|Jōwa (Heian period)|other uses|Shōwa (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Period of Japanese history (1312–1317 CE)}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name      = Shōwa{{pb}}{{nobold|{{lang|ja|正和}}}}
| location  = [[Japan]]
| start     =  March 1312
| end       =  February 1317
|image      = Oni tsuina mask, formerly passed down at Niutsuhime Jinja, Wakayama, Japan, Kamakura period, dated 1313 AD, wood with polychromy - Tokyo National Museum - To- Tokyo National Museum - Tokyo, Japan - DSC09079.jpg
| alt       = 
|caption    =  Tsuina mask depicting an ''[[oni]]'', dated to 1313.
| before    = [[Ōchō]]
| after= [[Bunpō]]
| monarch   = [[Emperor Hanazono]]
}}
{{History of Japan|Shoso-in.jpg| Image explanation = [[Shōsōin]]}}

{{nihongo|'''Shōwa'''|正和}} or '''Medieval Showa''' was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号|''nengō''|lit. "year number"}} after ''[[Ōchō]]'' and before ''[[Bunpō]].'' This period spanned the years from March 1312 through February 1317.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Shōwa''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 888|page=888}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 |date=2012-05-24 }}.</ref> The reigning emperor was {{nihongo|[[Emperor Hanazono|Hanazono]]''-tennō''|花園天皇}}.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon'', pp. 278-280; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki.'' pp. 239-243.</ref>

==Etymology==
The era name is derived from the ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'', a [[Classical Chinese]] work composed in AD 941–945. The first character is ''shō'' (正), meaning "proper, straight, true",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thestupidway.blogspot.com/2008/04/zazen-notes-ii-right-posture.html|title=The Stupid Way: Zazen Notes II - right posture|date=April 5, 2008}}</ref> while 和 (''wa'') means "peace," and may also [[pun]] on [[Wa (Japan)|''Wa'' (倭)]], an ancient name for [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QNbDwAAQBAJ&dq=wa+japan+%E5%80%AD&pg=PA14|title=Human-Earth System Dynamics: Implications to Civilizations|first=Rongxing|last=Guo|date=May 16, 2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9789811305474|via=Google Books}}</ref> The era name is pronounced like the [[Shōwa era|Shōwa era of 1926–1989]], but that era name is written with the character 昭 ("illustrious") for ''shō''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/x14538|title=Collections Online &#124; British Museum|website=www.britishmuseum.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apjjf.org/-Herbert-P.-Bix/2741/article.html|title=War Responsibility and Historical Memory: Hirohito's Apparition|website=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus}}</ref>

==Change of era==
* '''1311''' {{nihongo|''Shōwa gannen''|正和元年}}: The new era name was created to mark an event or series of events. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in ''Ōchō'' 2.

==Events of the ''Shōwa'' era==
Initially, former-[[Emperor Fushimi]] administered the court up through the time he took the tonsure as a Buddhist monk.<ref>Varley, p. 241.</ref>
 
* '''1313''' (''Shōwa 2, 10th month''): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk; and the power to administer the court of reigning Emperor Hanazono shifted to his adopted son, former-[[Emperor Go-Fushimi]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 279.</ref>
* '''1314''' (''Shōwa 3, 11th month''): [[Hōjō Sadaaki]] ended his role at [[Rokuhara Tandai]] in Kyoto; and he returned to Kamakura.<ref name="t280">Titsingh, p. 280.</ref>
* '''1315''' (''Shōwa 4, 7th month''): [[Hōjō Hirotoki]] dies in Kamakura; and initially, Hōjō Sadaaki and [[Hōjō Mototoki]] share power.<ref name="t280"/>
* '''1315''' (''Shōwa 4, 10th month''): [[Hōjō Tokiatsu]] assumes the role of Rokuhara Tandai in the capital city.<ref name="t280"/>
* '''1316''' (''Shōwa 5, 7th month''): [[Hōjō Tokiatsu]], who is the son of [[Hōjō Sadaaki]], takes on the role of [[Shikken]]; and Hōjō Mototoki retires to a Buddhist monastery where he shaves his head.<ref name="t280"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC  ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition  OCLC 58053128]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Odai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.'']  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). ''A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa.'' New York: [[Columbia University Press]]. {{ISBN|9780231049405}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6042764  OCLC 6042764]

==External links==
* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Ōchō]]
| title = [[Japanese era name|Era of Japan]]<br>{{nihongo|Shōwa|正和}}
| years = 1312–1317
| after = [[Bunpō]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Japanese era name}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Showa (1312-1317)}}
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
[[Category:1310s in Japan]]
[[Category:14th-century neologisms]]
{{Japan-era-stub}}