Editing Module:Tenshō (Momoyama period)

{{Short description|Period of Japanese history (1573–1592)}}
{{History of Japan |image=Shoso-in.jpg |caption=[[Shōsōin]]}}

{{nihongo|'''Tenshō'''|天正|}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号|''nengō''|"year" name}} after ''[[Genki (era)|Genki]]'' and before ''[[Bunroku]]''.  This period spanned the years from July 1573 through December 1592 during the Senguoku era.<ref name="nussbaum961">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tenshō''" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA961  ''Japan encyclopedia'', p. 961]; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 |date=2012-05-24 }}.</ref>  The reigning emperors were {{nihongo|[[Emperor Ogimachi of Japan|Ōgimachi]]''-tennō''|正親町天皇}} and {{nihongo|[[Emperor Go-Yōzei|Go-Yōzei]]''-tennō''|後陽成天皇}}.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon'',  pp. 382]–405.</ref>

==Change of era==
* '''1573''' {{nihongo|''Tenshō gannen''|天正元年}}:  The new era name was created to mark a number of regional wars. The era name was inspired by a passage from the Chinese classic ''Tao Te Ching by'' [[Laozi]]:  :"Those who are at peace with nature bring all under Heaven into its correct pattern" (清静者為'''天'''下'''正''').
The era name ''Tenshō'' was suggested by [[Oda Nobunaga]]. The previous era ended, and a new one commenced in ''Genki'' 4, the 28th day of the 7th month.

==Events of the ''Tenshō'' era==
European dates up to October 4, 1582 are given in the [[Julian calendar]]. Dates since October 15, 1582 are given in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

* '''1573''' (''Tenshō 1, 7th month''): [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]] lost his position as [[Shogun|shōgun]]. He shaved his head, becoming a Buddhist priest. Initially, he took the priestly name Sho-san, but he eventually came to be known as Rei-o In.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 389.]</ref>
* '''1574''' (''Tenshō 2, 1st month''):  Sectarian rebellion in [[Echizen Province]].
* '''1574''' (''Tenshō 2, 9th month''):  Suppression of sectarian rebellion in [[Nagashima]].
* '''1575''' (''Tenshō 3, 5th month''): [[Takeda Katsuyori]] led an army into [[Tōtōmi Province]] where he lay siege to [[Nagashino Castle]]. The Tokugawa defended the castle; and Tokugawa Ieayasu sought assistance from his ally Oda Nobunaga.  In response, Nobunaga and his son Nobutada arrived at Nagashino with a large force.  In the ensuing [[Battle of Nagashino]], the Takeda attackers were forced to retreat.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 391.]</ref>
* '''1576''' (''Tenshō 4''): [[Takeda Katsuyori]] ordered the rebuilding of the [[Asama Shrine]] at the base of [[Mount Fuji]] in [[Suruga Province]].<ref name="studies462">Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962).  ''Studies in Shinto and Shrines'', p.462.</ref> Construction of [[Azuchi Castle]] begins. 
* '''1579''' (''Tenshō 7, 5th month''): Azuchi Sect Debates at [[Azuchi Castle]].
* '''1579''' (''Tenshō 7, 6th month''): [[Akechi Mitsuhide]] makes himself master of [[Tanba Province]].<ref name="t394">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 394.]</ref>
* '''1579''' (''Tenshō 7, 10th month''): [[Oda Nobukatsu]] launches first [[Tenshō Iga War]], ending with his defeat.
* '''1580''' (''Tenshō 8, 11th month''):  [[Kaga Province|Kaga]] sectarian rebellion suppressed.<ref name="t394"/>
* '''1581''' (''Tenshō 9, 9th month''): [[Oda Nobunaga]] relaunches the second [[Tenshō Iga War]], ending with victory and Iga left under Nobukatsu's control.
* '''1582''' (''Tenshō 10''): [[Takeda Katsuyori]] utter defeat by the forces of [[Oda Nobunaga]] led to the destruction of Takeda-built structures at the Asama Shrine.<ref name="studies462"/>
* '''1582''' (''Tenshō 10, 3rd month''):  [[Battle of Tenmokuzan]].<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 395.]</ref>
* '''1582''' (''Tenshō 10, 6th month''):  [[Incident at Honnō-ji]],<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 396.]</ref> [[Battle of Yamazaki]],<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 397.]</ref> [[Council of Kiyosu]].
* '''February 20, 1582''' (''Tenshō 10, 28th day of the 1st month'')<!-- NengoCalc: 天正十年一月二十八日-->: A Japanese mission or embassy to Europe (''Tenshō Ken'ō Shisetsu'') sailed from Nagasaki, and its members would not return until 1590.<ref name="nussbaum961"/> It headed by [[Mancio Itō]] and organized on the initiative of [[Alessandro Valignano]]. Although less well-known and less well-documented than [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]]'s diplomatic mission to the [[Holy See|Vatican]] (known as the "''[[Keichō]]'' Embassy") in 1613–1620,<ref>In the name "''Keichō'' Embassy", the noun "''Keichō''" refers to the ''[[nengō]]'' ([[Japanese era name]]) after "''[[Bunroku]]''" and before "''[[Genna]]''."  In other words, the ''Keichō'' Embassy commenced during ''Keichō'', which was a time period spanning the years from 1596 through 1615.</ref> this historic diplomatic initiative remains a noteworthy accomplishment.  The mission is sometimes referred to as the "''Tenshō'' Embassy" because it was initiated in the  ''Tenshō'' era.  This venture was organized by three ''[[daimyō]]s'' of Western Japan&nbsp;– [[Ōmura Sumitada]], [[Ōtomo Sōrin]] and [[Arima Harunobu]].<ref>Ministry of Foreign Affairs: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/index.html  "Japan-Mexico Relations."]</ref> 
* '''1583''' (''Tenshō 11, 4th month''): [[Battle of Shizugatake]].<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 398.]</ref>
* '''1584''' (''Tenshō 12, 4th month''): [[Battle of Komaki and Nagakute]].<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 399.]</ref>
* '''August 10, 1584''' (''Tenshō 12, 15th day of the 7th month''):  The Japanese mission to the West (''Tenshō Ken'ō Shisetsu'') arrived in Lisbon.<ref name="nussbaum961"/>
* '''1585''' (''Tenshō 13, 7th month''): [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] is given the position of ''[[kampaku]]'' by Emperor Ōgimachi.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 401.]</ref>
* '''December 17, 1586''' (''Tenshō 14, 7th day of the 11th month'')<!-- NengoCalc  天正十四年十一月七日 -->:  Ogimachi gave over the reins of civil government to his grandson, who would become Emperor Go-Yozei.  There had been no such Imperial since [[Emperor Go-Hanazono]] abdicated in ''Kanshō'' 5.  The dearth of abdications is attributable to the disturbed state of the country and to the fact that there was neither any dwelling in which an ex-emperor could live nor any excess funds in the treasury to support him.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 402]; Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A. B. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794–1869'', pp. 340–341.</ref>
* '''1586''' (''Tenshō 14, 12th month''): A political marriage is arranged between the youngest sister of Hideyoshi and [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref name="t402">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 402.]</ref>
* '''1586''' (''Tenshō 14, 12th month''): The ''kampaku'', Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was nominated to be ''[[Daijō-daijin]]''.<ref name="t402"/>
* '''1586''' (''Tenshō 14, 12th month''): [[1586 Tenshō earthquake|An earthquake]] strikes the [[Chūbu region|Chubu region]], killing 8,000 people.<ref name=NGDC>{{citation|title=Significant Earthquake Database|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/5957|author=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)|publisher=[[National Geophysical Data Center]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|year = 1972|type = Data Set}}</ref>
* '''1587''' (''Tenshō 15''): Gold or silver coins called ''Tenshō-tsūhō'' were minted. The gold coins (''Tenshō-ōban'') weighed 165&nbsp;grams; and these oval shaped coins were worth 10 ''[[ryō]]''.<ref name="nussbaum961"/>
* '''1588''' (''Tenshō 16, 7th month''): [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] visits Toyotomi Hideyoshi's mansion, [[sword hunt]] decree
* '''1590''' (''Tenshō 18, 7th month''):  Hideyoshi led an army to the [[Kantō region|Kantō]] where he lay siege to [[Odawara Castle]] in [[Sagami Province|Sagami province]].  When the fortress fell, [[Hōjō Ujimasa]] died and his  brother, [[Hōjō Ujinao]] submitted to Hideyoshi's power, thus effectively ending a period of serial internal warfare , which had continued uninterrupted since the [[Ōnin]] era (1467).<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9  p. 405.]</ref>
* '''1592''' (''Tenshō 20, 4th month''): The [[Imjin War]] begins with the [[Siege of Busanjin]].
In 1589–1590 (in the 23rd year of the reign of King [[Seonjo of Joseon]]), a diplomatic mission led by [[Hwang Yun-gil]] was sent to Japan.<ref name="rutt190">Rutt, Richard ''et al.'' (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=e7pyBEWioLsC&pg=PA190  ''Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary'', p. 190.]</ref>  The Joseon ambassador was received by Hideyoshi.<ref name="kang275">Kang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0jnNzdRb4C&pg=PA275  ''Diplomacy and Ideology'', p. 275.]</ref>

==In popular culture==
The fictional plot of the classic [[Akira Kurosawa]] film ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' takes place in the 15th year of ''Tenshō''.

==Notes==
{{reflist|40em}}

==References==
* Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century''. Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0-312-17370-8}}; {{OCLC|243874305}}
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia''. Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan  ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* ____________. (1962).  [https://books.google.com/books?id=tjEvAAAAYAAJ&q=Studies+in+Shinto+and+Shrines  ''Studies in Shinto and Shrines''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/3994492 OCLC 3994492]
* Rutt, Richard and [[James Hoare]].  (2003). ''Korea: a Historical and Cultural Dictionary''. London: [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|978-0-700-70464-4}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran  ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.]  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]

==External links==
* [[National Diet Library]], "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = {{nihongo|[[Genki (era)|Genki]]|元亀}}
| title = [[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]<br>{{nihongo|Tenshō|天正}}
| years = 1573–1592
| after = {{nihongo|[[Bunroku]]|文禄}}
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Japanese era name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tensho}}
[[Category:Japanese eras]]
[[Category:1570s in Japan]]
[[Category:1580s in Japan]]
[[Category:1590s in Japan]]
[[Category:16th-century neologisms]]