Editing Template:Addiction glossary

{{Glossary infobox
| template name = Addiction glossary
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<ref name="Cellular basis">{{cite journal | author = Nestler EJ | title = Cellular basis of memory for addiction | journal =  Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience| volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 431–443 |date=December 2013  | pmid = 24459410 | pmc = 3898681 | quote = Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction.&nbsp;... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement&nbsp;... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.<sup>41</sup>&nbsp;... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.}}</ref><ref name="Addiction glossary">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-148127-4 | pages = 364–375| edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}</ref><!-- Reverse citation order -->
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<ref name="Addiction glossary">{{cite book |vauthors=Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE |veditors=Sydor A, Brown RY | title = Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 9780071481274 | pages = 364–375| edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders}}</ref><ref name="Cellular basis">{{cite journal | author = Nestler EJ | title = Cellular basis of memory for addiction | journal =  Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience| volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 431–443 |date=December 2013  | pmid = 24459410 | pmc = 3898681 | quote = Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction.&nbsp;... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement&nbsp;... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.<sup>41</sup>.&nbsp;... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.}}</ref>
}}<ref name="Brain disease">{{cite journal | vauthors = Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT | title = Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction | journal =  New England Journal of Medicine| volume = 374 | issue = 4 | pages = 363–371 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26816013 | pmc = 6135257 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1511480 | quote = Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.<br />Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.}}</ref>
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* '''[[addiction]]''' – a [[biopsychosocial]] disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]]) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences
* '''[[addiction|addictive drug]]''' – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain [[reward system|reward systems]]
* '''[[Substance dependence|dependence]]''' – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake)
* '''[[reverse tolerance|drug sensitization]]''' or '''reverse tolerance''' – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
* '''[[drug withdrawal]]''' – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use
* '''[[physical dependence]]''' – dependence that involves persistent physical–[[wikt:somatic|somatic]] withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and [[delirium tremens]])
* '''[[psychological dependence]]''' – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome)
* '''[[reinforcement|reinforcing]] stimuli''' – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them
* '''[[reward system|rewarding]] stimuli''' – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach
* '''[[sensitization]]''' – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it
* '''[[substance use disorder]]''' – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress
* '''[[drug tolerance|tolerance]]''' – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose
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This template uses the definitions for these terms from the following references (note: these have been slightly modified for brevity):
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==Usage==
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